![]() ![]() In the first age group progeny normally demonstrate a better measure compare to the preferred characteristics of both parents. Plant and animal breeders always develop heterosis by mating two different purebred lines that have advantageous traits. The physiological vitality of an organism is evident in its speediness of growth, its height and general strength that is certainly allied with the amount of difference in the gametes by whose unification of the organism was formed. ![]() Psychology in the Schools, 47(7), 635-650.A tendency of an organism to have superior qualities over those of the parents in relation to size, growth rate, yield, fertility and fecundity Cattell-Horn-Carroll abilities and cognitive tests: What we've learned from 20 years of research. "The structure of human intelligence: It is verbal, perceptual, and image rotation (VPR), not fluid and crystallized". Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues. Multivariate Behavioral Research Monographs. "Cognitive factors: Their identification and replication". "Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences". (1927), The abilities of man, London: MacMillan Genshaft et al., Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. Carroll (1997), "The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities" in D. Carroll (1993), Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA. Johnson and Bouchard have criticized CHC theory and the two major theories on which it is based, suggesting that their g-VPR model provides a better explanation of the available data. Kevin McGrew (2005) integrated the Horn-Cattell model with Carroll's to create the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities (CHC Theory), which has since been influential in guiding test development. Stratum I (specific level): more specific factors under the stratum II. Stratum II (broad abilities): 8 broad abilities-fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general memory and learning, broad visual perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, and processing speed. Stratum III (general intelligence): g factor, accounts for the correlations among the broad abilities at Stratum II. This model suggests that intelligence is best conceptualized in a hierarchy of three strata. His factor analyses were largely consistent with the Horn-Cattell model except that Carroll believed that general intelligence was a meaningful construct. Carroll's model was also heavily influenced by the 1976 edition of the ETS standard kit. The three-stratum theory is derived primarily from Spearman's (1927) model of general intelligence and Horn & Cattell's (1966) theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Carroll regarded the broad abilities as different "flavors" of g. Key: fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), general memory and learning (Gy), broad visual perception (Gv), broad auditory perception (Gu), broad retrieval ability (Gr), broad cognitive speediness (Gs), and processing speed (Gt). Carroll distinguishes his hierarchical approach from taxonomic approaches such as Guilford's Structure of Intellect model (three-dimensional model with contents, operations, and products).Ĭarroll's three-stratum model. Carroll suggests that the distinction between level and speed factors may be the broadest taxonomy of cognitive tasks that can be offered. Tasks that contribute to speed factors are distinguished by the relative speed with which individuals can complete them. The tasks that contribute to the identification of level factors can be sorted by difficulty and individuals differentiated by whether they have acquired the skill to perform the tasks. This does not alter the effectiveness of factor scores in accounting for behavioral differences.Ĭarroll proposes a taxonomic dimension in the distinction between level factors and speed factors. Carroll argues further that they are not mere artifacts of a mathematical process, but likely reflect physiological factors explaining differences in ability (e.g., nerve firing rates). The factors describe stable and observable differences among individuals in the performance of tasks. The three layers (strata) are defined as representing narrow, broad, and general cognitive ability. These analyses suggested a three-layered model where each layer accounts for the variations in the correlations within the previous layer. It is based on a factor-analytic study of the correlation of individual-difference variables from data such as psychological tests, school marks and competence ratings from more than 460 datasets. ![]() The three-stratum theory is a theory of cognitive ability proposed by the American psychologist John Carroll in 1993.
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